Cornelii Nepotis Vitae (Hamilton)/Eumenes

by Cornelius Nepos

Cornelius Nepos

Vitae (Editio Interlinearis Latina-Anglica Ad Modum Hamiltonii)

XVIII. Eumenes

editio: Philadelphia, 1890(?); Iacobus Hamiltonius (James Hamilton) et Ioannes Gulielmus Subsilvius (J. W. Underwood) recensuit

XVII. Agesilaus	XIX. Phocion

I

Eumenes,	Cardianus.	Si	fortuna	par	virtuti
Eumenes,	the Cardian.	If	fortune	equal	to the virtue

huius	data-esset (sub.),	ille	non	quidem
of him	had been given,	he (would have been)	not	indeed

maior,	sed	multo	illustrior	atque	etiam
greater,	but	by much	more illustrious	and	also

honoratior,	quod	metimur	magnos	homines
more honoured,	because	we measure	great	men

virtute,	non	fortuna.	Nam	quum	aetas
by virtue,	not	by fortune.	For	when	the age

eius	cecidisset (sub.)	in	ea	tempora,	quibus
of him	had fallen	into	those	times,	in which

Macedones	florerent (sub.),	detraxit	multum
the Macedonians	did flourish,	it withdrew	much

ei	viventi	inter	eos,	quod	erat	alienae
from him	living	among	them,	that	he was	of a foreign

civitatis,	neque	aliud	defuit	huic,	quam
state,	nor	other (thing)	was wanting	to him,	than

generosa	stirps.	Etsi	ille	erat	summo
a noble	descent.	Although	he	was	from the highest

domestico	genere,	tamen	Macedones	ferebant
domestic	race,	yet	the Macedonians	did bear

indigne	eum	anteponi	sibi
indignantly	him	to be placed before	to themselves

aliquando,	neque	tamen	patiebantur	non.	Enim
sometimes,	nor	however	did they suffer	not.	For

vincebat	omnes	cura,	vigilantia,	patientia,
he did conquer	all	in care,	vigilance,	patience,

calliditate,	que	celeritate	ingenii.	Hic
shrewdness,	and	celerity	of genius.	He

peradolescentulus	accessit	ad	amicitiam	Philippi,
a very young man	came	to	the friendship	of Philip,

filii	Amyntae,	que	pervenit	brevi	tempore	in
the son	of Amyntas,	and	arrived	in short	time	into

intimam	familiaritatem.	Enim	iam	indoles
intimate	familiarity.	For	already	a disposition

virtutis	fulgebat	in	adolescentulo.	Itaque
of virtue	did shine	in	the young man.	Therefore

habuit	eum	loco	scribae	ad	manum,
he had	him	in place	of scribe	to	hand (amanuensis),

quod	est	multo	honorificentius	apud	Graios,
which	is	by much	more honourable	with	the Greeks,

quam	apud	Romanos.	Namque	apud	nos	scribae
than	with	the Romans.	For	with	us	scribes

existimantur	mercenarii,	sicut	revera	sunt;	at
are esteemed	mercenary,	as	in reality	they are;	but

apud	illos,	e-contrario,	nemo	admittitur	ad
with	them,	on the contrary,	nobody	is admitted	to

id	officium,	nisi	honesto	loco,	et
that	office,	unless	in honourable	place,	both

cognita	fide	et	industria,	quod	est
with known	faith	and	industry,	because	it is

necesse	eum	esse	participem	omnium	consiliorum.
necessary	him	to be	a partaker	of all	counsels.

Tenuit	hunc	locum	amicitiae	apud	Philippum
He held	this	place	of friendship	with	Philip

septem	annos.	Illo	interfecto,	fuit	tredecim
seven	years.	He	being slain,	he was	thirteen

annos	eodem	gradu	apud	Alexandrum.	Novissimo
years	in the same	degree	with	Alexander.	In the latest

tempore	praefuit	etiam	alterae	alae	equitum,
time	he commanded	also	to one	wing	of cavalry,

que	appellabatur	Hetaerice.[1]	Autem	adfuit
which	was called	Hetaerice.	But	he was present

semper	utrique	consilio,	et	habitus-est
always	to each	in counsel,	and	was held

particeps	omnium	rerum.
partaker	of all	things.

II

Alexandro	mortuo	Babylone,	quum	regna
Alexander	having died	in Babylon,	when	the kingdoms

dispertirentur (sub.)	singulis	familiaribus,
were divided	to each (to his several)	friends,

et	summa	rerum	tradita-esset (sub.)	tuenda
and	the chiefdom	of things	had been delivered	to be defended

eidem	Perdiccae,	cui	Alexander	moriens
to the same	Perdiccas,	to whom	Alexander	dying

dederat	suum	annulum,	ex	quo	omnes
had given	his	ring,	from	which	all

coniecerant,	eum	commendasse	regnum	ei,
had conjectured,	him	to have intrusted	the kingdom	to him,

quoad	liberi	eius	venissent (sub.)	in	suam
until	the children	of him	had come	into	their own

tutelam,	(enim	Craterus	et	Antipater	aberant,
keeping,	(for	Craterus	and	Antipater	were absent,

qui	videbantur	antecedere	hunc,	Hephaestio	erat
who	did seem	to precede	him,	Hephaestio	was

mortuus,	quem	unum	Alexander,	quod	posset (sub.)
dead,	whom	alone	Alexander,	which	was able

facile	intelligi,	fecerat	plurimi):
easily	to be understood,	had made	of very much (account):

hoc	tempore	Cappadocia	data-est	Eumeni,
in this	time	Cappadocia	was given	to Eumenes,

sive	potius	dicta.	Nam	erat	tum	in
or	rather	said (appointed.)	For	it was	then	in

potestate	hostium.	Perdiccas	magno	studio
the power	of enemies.	Perdiccas	with great	zeal

adiunxerat	hunc	sibi,	quod	videbat	magnam
had joined	him	to himself,	because	he did see	great

fidem	et	industriam	in	homine,	non	dubitans,
faith	and	industry	in	the man,	not	doubting,

si	pellexisset (sub.),	fore	magno	usui
if	he had allured (him),	to be about to be	to great	use

sibi	in	his	rebus,	quas	apparabat.	Enim
to him	in	those	things,	which	he did prepare.	For

cogitabat,	quod	fere	omnes	in	magnis	imperiis
he did think,	which	almost	all	in	great	commands

concupiscunt,	corripere	atque	complecti	partes
covet,	to seize	and	to embrace	the parts

omnium.	Neque	vero	ille	solus	fecit	hoc,	sed
of all.	Nor	indeed	he	alone	did	this,	but

quoque	omnes	ceteri,	qui	fuerant	amici
also	all	the others,	who	had been	friends

Alexandri.	Primus	Leonnatus	destinaverat	praeoccupare
of Alexander.	First	Leonnatus	had designed	to pre-occupy

Macedoniam.	Is	studuit	persuadere	Eumeni
Macedonia.	He	studied	to persuade	to Eumenes

multis	que	magnis	pollicitationibus,	ut	desereret
with many	and	great	promises,	that	he should desert

Perdiccam,	ac	faceret	societatem	secum.
Perdiccas,	and	should make	alliance	with him.

Quum	posset (sub.)	non	perducere	eum,	conatus-est
When	he was able	not	to bring over	him,	he endeavoured

interficere,	et	fecisset,	nisi	ille	effugisset (sub.)
to kill,	and	would have done (it),	unless	he	had escaped

clam	noctu	ex	praesidiis	eius.
secretly	by night	out of	the garrisons	of him.

III

Interim	illa	bella	conflata-sunt,	quae,	post
Meanwhile	those	wars	were excited,	which,	after

mortem	Alexandri,	gesta-sunt	ad	internecionem,
the death	of Alexander,	were carried on	to	destruction,

que	omnes	concurrerunt	ad	opprimendum	Perdiccam.
and	all	concurred	to	oppressing	Perdiccas.

Quem	etsi	videbat	infirmum,	quod	cogebatur
Whom	although	he did see	infirm,	because	he was forced

unus	resistere	omnibus,	tamen	deseruit	non
alone	to resist	to all,	yet	he deserted	not

amicum,	neque	fuit	cupidior	salutis,	quam
friend,	nor	was he	more desirous	of safety,	than

fidei.	Perdiccas	praefecerat	eum	ei	parti
of faith.	Perdiccas	had appointed	him	to that	part

Asiae,	quae	iacet	inter	montem	Taurum	atque
of Asia,	which	lies	between	mount	Taurus	and

Hellespontum;	et	opposuerat	illum	unum	Europaeis
the Hellespont;	and	had opposed	him	alone	to European

adversariis;	ipse	profectus-erat	adversus	Ptolemaeum,
adversaries;	himself	had set out	against	Ptolemy,

oppugnatum	Aegyptum.	Eumenes,	quum	haberet (sub.)
to attack	Egypt.	Eumenes,	when	he had

neque	magnas	neque	firmas	copias,	quod	erant
neither	great	nor	strong	forces,	because	they were

inexercitatae,	et	contractae	non	multo	ante,	autem
unexercised,	and	collected	not	much	before,	but

Antipater	et	Craterus,	viri	praestantes	cum
Antipater	and	Craterus,	men	excelling	as well

claritate	tum	usu	belli,	dicerentur (sub.)
in renown	as	in practice	of war,	were said

adventare,	que	transisse	Hellespontum	cum
to approach,	and	to have passed over	the Hellespont	with

magno	exercitu	Macedonum,	(Macedones
a great	army	of Macedonians,	(the Macedonian

milites	vero	erant	tunc	ea	fama,	qua
soldiers	indeed	were	then	in that	fame,	in which

Romani	feruntur	nunc:	etenim	semper
the Romans	are reported	now:	for	always

habiti-sunt	fortissimi,	qui	potirentur (sub.)
they have been held	bravest,	who	did obtain

summam	imperii.)	Eumenes	intelligebat,	si
the chiefdom	of empire.)	Eumenes	did understand,	if

suae	copiae	cognossent	adversus	quos
his	forces	should have known	against	whom

ducerentur (sub.),	non	modo	ituras	non,	sed
they were led,	not	only	about to go	not,	but

dilapsuras	simul	cum	nuntio.	Itaque
about to slip away	at the same time	with	the news.	Therefore

hoc	consilium	eius	fuit	prudentissimum,	ut
this	counsel	of him	was	most prudent,	that

duceret	milites	deviis	itineribus,	in	quibus
he should lead	soldiers	by devious	journeys,	in	which

possent (sub.)	non	audire	vera,	et	persuaderet
they were able	not	to hear	true (things),	and	should persuade

his,	se	proficisci	contra	quosdam	barbaros.
to them,	himself	to set out	against	certain	barbarians.

Itaque	tenuit	hoc	propositum,	et	eduxit
Therefore	he held	this	purpose,	and	led out

exercitum	in	aciem	que	commisit	praelium
the army	into	field of battle	and	engaged	battle

prius-quam	sui	milites	scirent (sub.),	cum	quibus
before that	his	soldiers	did know,	with	whom

conferrent (sub.)	arma.	Effecit	illud
they did bring together (engage)	arms.	He effected	that

etiam	praeoccupatione	locorum,	ut	dimicaret (sub.)
also	by pre-occupation	of places,	that	he did fight

potius	equitatu,	quo	valebat	plus,	quam
rather	with cavalry,	in which	he did prevail	more,	than

peditatu,	quo	erat	deterior.
in infantry,	in which	he was	inferior.

IV

Quum	acerrimo	concursu	quorum
When	in most fierce	onset	of whom

pugnatum-esset (sub.)	magnam	partem	diei,
it had been fought	great	part	of the day,

Craterus	dux	cadit,	et	Neoptolemus,	qui
Craterus	the leader	falls,	and	Neoptolemus,	who

tenebat	secundum	locum	imperii.	Cum	hoc
did hold	the second	place	of command.	With	him

Eumenes	ipse	concurrit.	Qui	complexi
Eumenes	himself	engaged.	Who	having embraced

inter	se	quum	decidissent (sub.)	in
between	themselves	when	they had fallen	unto

terram	ex	equis,	ut	posset (sub.)	facile
the earth	from	horses,	that	it could	easily

intelligi,	contendisse	inimica	mente,
to be understood,	(them) to have contended	with hostile	mind,

que	pugnasse	etiam	magis	animo	quam
and	to have fought	even	more	in mind	than

corpore,	distracti-sunt	non	prius-quam	anima
in body,	they were separated	not	before that	life

reliquerit (sub.)	alterum.	Eumenes	vulneratur	ab	hoc
left	one.	Eumenes	is wounded	by	him

aliquot	plagis,	neque	eo	magis	excessit
with several	strokes,	nor	therefore	more	departed

ex	praelio,	sed	institit	hostes	acrius.
out of	battle,	but	pressed on	the enemies	more fiercely.

Hic	equitibus	profligatis,	Cratero	duce
Here	the horsemen	being routed,	Craterus	the leader

interfecto,	praeterea	multis	et	maxime	nobilibus
being slain,	besides	many	and	chiefly	nobles

captis,	pedestris	exercitus,	quod	deductus-erat
being taken,	the pedestrian	army,	because	it had been led

in	ea	loca	ut,	Eumene	invito,
into	these	places	that,	Eumenes	being unwilling,

posset (sub.)	non	elabi,	petiit	pacem	ab	eo.
it could	not	to escape,	sought	peace	from	him.

Quam	quum	impetrasset (sub.),	mansit	non	in
Which	when	it had obtained,	it remained	not	in

fide,	et,	simul-ac	potuit,	recepit	se	ad
faith,	and,	as soon as	it could,	betook	itself	to

Antipatrum.	Eumenes	studuit	recreare	Craterum
Antipater.	Eumenes	endeavoured	to recover	Craterus

elatum	ex	acie	semivivum.	Quum	posset (sub.)
carried off	from	the field	half-alive.	When	he could

non	id,	extulit	amplo	funere,	pro
not	that,	he buried (him)	with ample	funeral,	for

dignitate	hominis	que	pro	pristina	amicitia
the dignity	of the man	and	for	former	friendship

(namque	usus-erat	illo	familiariter,	Alexandro
(for	he had used	him	familiarly,	Alexander

vivo);	que	remisit	ossa	in	Macedoniam
being alive);	and	sent back	bones	into	Macedonia

uxori	ac	liberis	eius.
to wife	and	children	of him.

V

Dum	haec	geruntur	apud	Hellespontum,
Whilst	these (things)	are carried on	at	the Hellespont,

Perdiccas	interficitur	a	Seleuco	et	Antigono
Perdiccas	is slain	by	Seleucus	and	Antigonus

apud	flumen	Nilum,	que	summa	rerum
at	the river	Nile,	and	the chiefdom	of things

defertur	ad	Antipatrum.	Hic,	qui	deseruerant,
is transferred	to	Antipater.	Here,	(those) who	had deserted,

exercitu	ferente	suffragium,	absentes	damnantur
the army	bearing	a vote,	absent	are condemned

capitis:	in	his	Eumenes.	Ille
of head:	in (among)	these	Eumenes.	He

perculsus	hac	plaga,	succubuit	non,
being severely struck	with this	blow,	sunk under	not,

neque	secius	eo	administravit	bellum.	Sed
nor	less	on that account	managed	the war.	But

etsi	exiles	res	frangebant	non	magnitudinem
although	little	things	did break	not	greatness

animi,	tamen	minuebant.	Antigonus	persequens
of mind,	yet	they did diminish.	Antigonus	pursuing

hunc,	quum	abundaret (sub.)	omni	genere	copiarum,
him,	when	he did abound	in every	kind	of forces,

vexabatur	saepe	in	itineribus;	neque	umquam
was harassed	often	in	marches;	nor	ever

licebat	accedere	ad	manum,	nisi
was it allowed	to approach	to	hand (to engage),	unless

his	locis,	quibus	pauci	possent (sub.)	resistere
in those	places,	in which	few	were able	to resist

multis.	Sed	extremo	tempore,	quum	posset (sub.)
to many.	But	in the last	time,	when	he was able

non	capi	consilio,	circumventus-est	multitudine.
not	to be taken	by counsel,	he was surrounded	by multitude.

Tamen,	expedivit	se	hinc,	multis	suis
However,	he freed	himself	hence,	many	his own (men)

amissis,	et	confugit	in	castellum	Phrygiae,
being lost,	and	fled	into	a castle	of Phrygia,

quod	appellatur	Nora.	In	quo,	quum
which	is called	Nora.	In	which	when

circumsederetur (sub.),	et	vereretur (sub.),	ne,
he was besieged,	and	did fear,	lest,

manens	uno	loco,	perderet	militares	equos,
remaining	in one	place,	he should lose	the military	horses,

quod	esset (sub.)	non	spatium	agitandi;
because	there was	not	space	of exercising (them);

fuit	callidum	inventum	eius	quemadmodum
it was	a cunning	invention	of him	how

iumentum	stans	posset (sub.)	calefieri	que
a beast	standing	was able	to be warmed	and

exerceri,	quo	et	uteretur	cibo	libentius,
to be exercised,	that	both	it might use	food	more willingly,

et	removeretur	non	a	motu	corporis.
and	might be removed	not	from	motion	of body.

Substringebat	caput	loro	altius	quam	ut
He did tie up	the head	with a strap	higher	than	that

posset (sub.)	attingere	plane	terram	prioribus	pedibus;
it could	to touch	fully	the earth	with fore	feet;

deinde	post	cogebat	verberibus
then	after (from behind)	he did force	with stripes

exsultare,	et	remittere	calces.	Qui	motus
to leap,	and	to send back	heels.	Which	motion

excutiebat	sudorem	non	minus	quam	si
did strike out	sweat	not	less	than	if

decurreret (sub.)	in	spatio.	Quo	factum-est,
he did run out	in	(open) space.	By which	it was done,

quod	visum-est	mirabile	omnibus,	ut	educeret (sub.)
which	seemed	wonderful	to all,	that	he did lead out

ex	castello	iumenta	aeque	nitida,	quum
from	the castle	the beasts	equally	sleek,	when

fuisset (sub.)	complures	menses	in	obsidione,	ac	si
he had been	many	months	in	siege,	as	if

habuisset (sub.)	ea	in	campestribus	locis.	In
he had had	them	in	champaign	places.	In

hac	conclusione,	quotiescumque	voluit,	alias
this	confinement,	as often as	he wished,	at one time

incendit	apparatum	et	munitiones	Antigoni,
he set fire to	the preparation	and	fortifications	of Antigonus,

disiecit	alias.	Autem	tenuit	se
threw down	at another time.	But	he held	himself

uno	loco,	quamdiu	hiems	fuit.	Quod	poterat
in one	place,	as long as	winter	was.	Because	he was able

non	habere	subsidia	castrum	et	ver
not	to have	the aids	of camps	and	spring

appropinquabat,	simulata	deditione,	dum	tractat
did approach,	by pretended	surrender,	whilst	he treats

de	conditionibus,	imposuit	praefectis
of	conditions,	he imposed on	the commanders

Antigoni	que	extraxit	se	ac	omnes
of Antigonus	and	drew off	himself	and	all

suos	incolumes.
his own (men)	safe.

VI

Quum	Olympias,	que	fuerat	mater
When	Olympias,	who	had been	the mother

Alexandri,	misisset (sub.)	litteras	et	nuntios
of Alexander,	had sent	letters	and	messengers

ad	hunc	in	Asiam,	consultum,	utrum
to	him	into	Asia,	to consult,	whether

iret	repetitum	Macedoniam,	(nam	tum
she should go	to ask back	Macedonia,	(for	then

habitabat	in	Epiro)	et	occuparet	eas
she did dwell	in	Epirus)	and	should occupy	those

res,	primum	ille	suasit	huic,	moveret
things,	first	he	advised	to her,	she should move

ne	se	et	exspectaret,	quoad	filius
not	herself	and	should wait,	until	the son

Alexandri	adipisceretur	regnum:	sin
of Alexander	should obtain	the kingdom:	but if

raperetur	aliqua	cupiditate	in	Macedoniam,
she should be hurried	by any	desire	into	Macedonia,

oblivisceretur	omnium	iniuriarum,	et	uteretur
she should forget	of all	injuries,	and	should use

acerbiore	imperio	in	neminem.	Ea	fecit	nihil
more harsh	power	unto	nobody.	She	did	nothing

horum.	Nam	et	profecta-est	in	Macedoniam,
of these (things).	For	both	she set out	into	Macedonia,

et	ibi	gessit	se	crudelissime.	Autem
and	there	carried (conducted)	herself	most cruelly.	But

petiit	ab	Eumene	absente,	pateretur
she sought	from	Eumenes	absent,	he would suffer

ne,	inimicissimos	domus	et	familiae	Philippi
not,	the most hostile	of the house	and	family	of Philip

interimere	stirpem	quoque,	que	ferret
to cut off	the offspring	also,	and	should bring

opem	liberis	Alexandri.	Quam	veniam
assistance	to the children	of Alexander.	Which	favor

si	daret,	pararet	exercitus	quam-primum,
if	he would give,	he should prepare	armies	as soon as possible,

quos	adduceret	subsidio	sibi.	Quo	faceret
which	he might lead	to assistance	to her.	That	he might do

id	facilius,	se	misisse	litteras	omnibus
that	more easily,	herself	to have sent	letters	to all

praefectis,	qui	manebant	in	officio,	ut
the commanders,	who	did remain	in	duty,	that

parerent	ei,	que	uterentur	consiliis
they should obey	to him,	and	should use	the counsels

eius.	Eumenes	permotus	his	rebus,	duxit
of him.	Eumenes	much moved	by these	things,	led (deemed it)

satius,	si	fortuna	tulisset	ita,
better,	if	fortune	should have carried	thus,

perire,	referentem	gratiam	meritis
to perish,	returning	favour	to (those) having deserved

bene,	quam	vivere	ingratum.
well,	than	to live	ungrateful.

VII

Itaque	contraxit	copias,	comparavit	bellum
Therefore	he collected	forces,	prepared	war

adversus	Antigonum.	Quod	complures	nobiles
against	Antigonus.	Because	many	noble

Macedones	erant	una,	in	his	Peucestes,
Macedonians	were	together,	in (among)	these	Peucestes,

qui	fuerat	custos	corporis	Alexandri,	autem
who	had been	guard	of the body	of Alexander,	but

tum	obtinebat	Persidem;	et	Antigones,	sub
then	did hold	Persia;	and	Antigones,	under

imperio	cuius	phalanx	Macedonum
the command	of whom	the phalanx	of the Macedonians

erat,	verens	invidiam,	(quam	tamen	potuit	non
was,	fearing	envy,	(which	yet	he was able	not

effugere,)	si	ipse	alienigena	potiretur	summi
to escape,)	if	himself	a foreigner	should possess	highest

imperii	potius	quam	alii	Macedonum,	quorum
power	rather	than	others	of the Macedonians,	of whom

erat	multitudo	ibi;	statuit	tabernaculum
there was	a multitude	there;	he placed	a tent

in	principiis	nomine	Alexandri,	et	in	eo
in	the principia[2]	in the name	of Alexander,	and	in	it

iussit	auream	sellam	cum	sceptro	ac	diademate
he ordered	a golden	chair	with	sceptre	and	diadem

poni,	que	omnes	convenire	eo	quotidie,
to be placed,	and	all	to assemble	thither	daily,

ut	ibi	consilia	de	summis	rebus	caperentur;
that	there	counsels	about	highest	things	might be taken;

credeas	se	fere	minore	invidia,	si
believing	himself	to be about to be	in less	envy,	if

videretur	administrare	bellum,	specie	imperii,
he should seem	to manage	the war,	in appearance	of empire,

que	simulatione	nominis	Alexandri.	Quod	et
and	by pretence	of the name	of Alexander.	Which	also

fecit.	Nam	quum	conveniretur (sub.)	non	ad
he did.	For	when	it was assembled	not	to

principia	Eumenis,	sed	ad	regia,
the principia	of Eumenes,	but	to	the royal (head-quarters),

atque	ibi	deliberaretur (sub.)	de	rebus,
and	there	it was deliberated	about	things,

quodammodo	latebat,	quum	tamen	omnia
in a certain manner	it was concealed,	when	yet	all (things)

gererentur (sub.)	per	eum	unum.
were carried on	by	him	alone.

VIII

Hic	conflixit	in	Paraetacis	cum	Antigono,	non
He	engaged	in	Paraetaci	with	Antigonus,	not

acie	instructa,	sed	in	itinere,	que	coegit
with army	drawn up,	but	in	march,	and	forced

eum	male	acceptum	redire	in	Mediam
him	badly	received	to return	into	Media

hiematum.	Ipse	divisit	copias	hiematum	in
to winter.	He	divided	the forces	to winter	in

finitima	regione	Persidis,	non	ut	voluit,
neighbouring	region	of Persia,	not	as	he wished,

sed	ut	voluntas	militum	cogebat.	Namque
but	as	the will	of the soldiers	did force.	For

illa	phalanx	Alexandri	Magni,	quae	peragrarat
that	phalanx	of Alexander	the Great,	which	had traversed

Asiam	que	devicerat	Persas,	inveterata	cum
Asia	and	had conquered	the Persians,	grown old	as well

gloria,	tum	etiam	licentia,	postulabat
in glory,	as	also	in licentiousness,	did demand

se	non	parere	ducibus,	sed	imperare;	ut
themselves	not	to obey	to leaders,	but	to command;	as

nostri	veterani	nunc	faciunt.	Itaque	est
our	veterans	now	do.	Therefore	there is

periculum,	ne	faciant,	quod	illi	fecerunt
danger,	lest	they may do,	what	they	did

sua	intemperantia	que	nimia	licentia,
by their	disorderliness	and	by too great	licentiousness,

ut	perdant	omnia,	neque	minus	eos,
that	they may destroy	all (things),	nor	less	those,

cum	quibus	steterint (sub.),	quam	adversus	quos
with	whom	they have stood,	than	against	whom

fecerint (sub.).	Quod-si	quis	legat	facta
they have done.	But-if	any one	may read	the deeds

illorum	veteranorum,	cognoscat	paria	horum,
of those	veterans,	he may know (them)	equal	of these,

neque	iudicet	ullam	rem	interesse,	nisi
nor	may he judge	any	thing	to differ,	unless

tempus.	Sed	revertar	ad	illos.	Sumserant
the time.	But	I shall return	to	those.	They had taken

hiberna,	non	ad	usum	belli,	sed	ad
winter-quarters,	not	to	the use	of war,	but	to

luxuriam	ipsorum,	que	discesserant	longe	inter
luxury	of themselves,	and	had departed	far	among

se.	Quum	Antigonus	comperisset (sub.)	hoc,
themselves.	When	Antigonus	had found out	this,

que	intelligeret (sub.)	se	non	esse	parem
and	did understand	himself	not	to be	equal

paratis	adversariis,	statuit	aliquid	novi
to prepared	adversaries,	he resolved	something	of new

consilii	esse	capiendum	sibi.	Erant	duae
counsel	to be	to be taken	to (by) himself.	There were	two

viae,	qua	posset (sub.)	perveniri	ex
ways,	by which	it was able	to be arrived	out of

Medis,	ubi	ille	hiemabat,	ad	hibernacula
the Medes,	where	he	did winter,	to	the winter-quarters

adversariorum.	Brevior	quarum	per	deserta
of adversaries.	The shorter	of which	through	desert

loca,	quae	nemo	incolebat,	propter	inopiam
places,	which	nobody	did inhabit,	on account of	the want

aquae,	ceterum	erat	fere	decem	dierum;
of water,	but	it was	almost	of ten	days;

autem	illa,	qua	omnes	commeabant,	habebat
but	that,	by which	all	did go,	had

anfractum	tanto	longiorem	altero,	sed
a winding	by so much	longer	than the other,	but

erat	copiosa	que	abundans	omnium	rerum.	Si
it was	copious	and	abounding	of all	things.	Si

proficisceretur	hac,	intelligebat,	adversarios
he should set out	by this,	he did understand,	the adversaries

rescituros	de	suo	adventu,	prius-quam	ipse
about to know	of	his	coming,	before that	himself

confecisset (sub.)	tertiam	partem	itineris:	sin
had finished	a third	part	of the journey:	but if

contenderet	per	sola	loca,	sperabat,
he should proceed	through	lone	places,	he did hope,

se	oppressurum	hostem	imprudentem.	Ad
himself	about to oppress	the enemy	unaware.	To

hanc	rem	conficiendam,	imperavit
this	thing	to be accomplished,	he commanded

quam-plurimos	utres	atque	etiam	culleos
as many as possible	leathern bottles	and	even	sacks

comparari;	post	haec	pabulum,	praeterea	cocta
to be prepared;	after	these	fodder,	besides	cooked

cibaria	decem	dierum,	que	ut	ignis
provisions	of ten	days,	and	that	fire

quam-minime	fieret	in	castris.
as little as possible	should be made	in	the camps.

Celat	omnes	iter	quod	habebat.	Sic
He conceals from	all	the journey	which	he had.	Thus

paratus,	proficiscitur,	qua	constituerat.
prepared,	he sets out,	which way	he had resolved.

IX

Confecerat	fere	dimidium	spatium,	quum
He had finished	about	the half	space,	when

ex	fumo	castrorum	eius	suspicio	allata-est
from	the smoke	of the camps	of him	suspicion	was brought

ad	Eumenem,	hostem	appropinquare.	Duces
to	Eumenes,	the enemy	to approach.	The leaders

conveniunt;	quaeritur,	quid	sit	opus
meet;	it is asked,	what	may be	necessary

facto.	Omnes	intelligebant,	copias	ipsorum
for deed.	All	did understand,	the forces	of them

non	posse	contrahi	tam	celeriter,	quam
not	to be able	to be collected	so	quickly,	as

Antigonus	videbatur	adfuturus.	Hic,	omnibus
Antigonus	did seem	about to be present.	Here,	all

titubantibus	et	desperantibus	de	summis	rebus,
hesitating	and	despairing	about	highest	things,

Eumenes	ait,	Si	velint (sub.)	adhibere	celeritatem,
Eumenes	says,	If	they wish	to apply	speed,

et	facere	imperata,	quod	fecerint (sub.)	non
and	to do	commands,	which	they have done	not

ante,	se	expediturum	rem.	Nam
before,	himself	about to disentangle	the affair.	For

quod	hostis	posset (sub.)	transisse	quinque
what	the enemy	was able	to have passed	in five

diebus,	se	effecturum,	ut	retardaretur
days,	himself	about to effect,	that	he should be retarded

non	minus	spatio	totidem	dierum;	quare
not	less	than the space	of as many	days;	wherefore

circumirent,	que	quisque	contraheret	suas
they should go about,	and	every one	should collect	his

copias.	Autem	capit	tale	consilium	ad	refrenandum
forces.	But	he takes	such	counsel	to	curbing

impetum	Antigoni.	Mittit	certos	homines	ad
the force	of Antigonus.	He sends	certain	men	to

infimos	montes,	qui	erant	obvii
lowest (the bottom of)	the mountains,	which	were	opposite

itineri	adversariorum,	que	praecipit	his,
to the journey	of adversaries,	and	commands	to them,

ut	faciant	ignes	quam-maximos,
that	they may make	fires	as great as possible,

quam-latissime	possent (sub.)	prima	nocte,	atque
as widely as	they could	in first	night,	and

minuant	hos	secunda	vigilia,	reddant
may lessen	them	in second	watch,	may render (them)

perexiguos	tertia;	et,	consuetudine	castrorum
very small	in third;	and,	the custom	of camps

assimulata,	iniiciant	suspicionem	hostibus,	castra
being imitated,	may throw	suspicion	to enemies,	camps

esse	his	locis,	ac	praenuntiatum-esse	de
to be	in these	places,	and	to have been foretold	of

adventu	eorum,	que	faciant	idem
the approach	of them,	and	they may do	the same

postera	nocte.	Quibus	imperatum-erat,
on the next	night.	(Those) to whom	it had been commanded,

curant	praeceptum	diligenter.	Tenebris
care for (perform)	the order	diligently.	Darknesses

obortis,	Antigonus	conspicatur	ignes;	credit
having arisen,	Antigonus	beholds	fires;	he believes

auditum-esse	de	suo	adventu,	et	adversarios
to have been heard	of	his	approach,	and	adversaries

contraxisse	suas	copias	illuc.	Mutat
to have collected	their	forces	thither.	He changes

consilium,	et	quoniam	posset (sub.)	non	adoriri
counsel,	and	since	he was able	not	to attack (them)

imprudentes,	flectit	suum	iter,	et	capit	illum
unaware,	he bends	his	journey,	and	takes	that

longiorem	anfractum	copiosae	viae,	que	ibi
longer	winding	of the copious	way,	and	there

opperitur	unum	diem,	ad	lassitudinem	militum
stays	one	day,	to	the weariness	of soldiers

sedandam,	ac	iumenta	reficienda,	quo
to be assuaged,	and	beasts	to be refreshed,	that

decerneret	integriore	exercitu.
he might fight	with fresher	army.

X

Hic	Eumenes	vicit	calidum	imperatorem
Here	Eumenes	conquered	the shrewd	commander

consilio,	que	impedivit	celeritatem	eius,	neque
by counsel,	and	hindered	the speed	of him,	nor

tamen	profecit	multum.	Nam	invidia	ducum,
however	profited	much.	For	by envy	of the leaders,

cum	quibus	erat,	que	perfidia
with	whom	he was,	and	by the treachery

Macedonum	veteranorum,	quum	discessisset (sub.)
of the Macedonian	veterans,	when	he had departed

superior	praelio,	deditus-est	Antigono,	quum
superior	in battle,	he was given up	to Antigonus,	when

exercitus	iurasset (sub.)	ei	ter	ante	separatis
the army	had sworn	to him	thrice	before	in separate

temporibus,	se	defensurum	eum,	nec	umquam
times,	itself	about to defend	him,	nor	ever

deserturum.	Sed	tanta	fuit	obtrectatio
about to desert.	But	so great	was	the detraction

nonnullorum	virtutis,	ut	mallent (sub.)
of some	of virtue,	that	they were more willing

amittere	fidem,	quam	non	prodere	eum.	Atque
to lose	faith,	than	not	to betray	him.	And

Antigonus,	quum	fuisset (sub.)	infestissimus	ei,
Antigonus,	when	he had been	most hostile	to him,

conservasset	hunc	si	licitum-esset (sub.)	per
would have saved	him,	if	it had been allowed	by

suos,	quod	intelligebat	se	posse
his own (people),	because	he did understand	himself	to be able

adiuvari	plus	ab	nullo,	in	his	rebus,	quas
to be assisted	more	by	none,	in	these	things,	which

apparebat	iam	omnibus	impendere.	Enim
it did appear	already	to all	to impend.	For

Seleucus,	Lysimachus,	Ptolemaeus,	iam	valentes
Seleucus,	Lysimachus,	Ptolemaeus,	now	prevailing

opibus,	imminebant,	cum	quibus	erat
in resources,	did hang over (threaten),	with	whom	it was

dimicandum	ei	de	summis	rebus.
to be fought	to (by) him	concerning	highest	things.

Sed	hi,	qui	erant	circa,	passi-sunt	non,	quod
But	these,	who	were	around,	suffered	not,	because

videbant,	Eumene	recepto,	omnes	futuros
they did see,	Eumenes	being received,	all	about to be

parvi	prae	illo.	Autem
of small (account)	before (in comparison with)	him.	But

Antigonus	ipse	erat	incensus	adeo,	ut
Antigonus	himself	was	incensed	so much,	that

posset (sub.)	non	leniri	nisi	magna	spe
he could	not	to be appeased	unless	by great	hope

maximarum	rerum.
of greatest	things.

XI

Itaque,	quum	dedisset (sub.)	eum	in	custodiam,
Therefore,	when	he had given	him	into	custody,

et	praefectus	custodum	quaesisset (sub.)
and	the prefect	of the guards	had asked

quemadmodum	vellet (sub.)	servari?	inquit,	ut
in what manner	he did wish (him)	to be kept?	he says,	as

acerrimum	leonem,	aut	ferocissimum	elephantum.
a most fierce	lion,	or	a most ferocious	elephant.

Enim	statuerat	nondum,	conservaret
For	he had resolved	not yet,	(whether) he should preserve

eum,	nec-ne.	Autem	utrumque	genus	hominum
him,	or not.	But	each	kind	of men

veniebat	ad	Eumenem;	et	qui,	propter
did come	to	Eumenes;	both	who,	on account of

odium,	vellent (sub.)	capere	fructum	oculis
hatred,	did wish	to take	enjoyment	with eyes

ex	casu	eius,	et	qui,	propter	veterem
from	the fall	of him,	and	who,	on account of	ancient

amicitiam,	cuperent (sub.)	colloqui	que	consolari:
friendship,	did desire	to speak with	and	console:

multi	etiam,	qui	studebant	cognoscere	formam
many	also,	who	did desire	to know	the form

eius,	qualis	esset (sub.),	quem	timuissent (sub.)
of him,	what kind	he was,	whom	they had feared

tam-diu	que	tam	valde,	in	pernicie	cuius
so long	and	so	greatly,	in	the destruction	of whom

habuissent (sub.)	spem	victoriae	positam.	At
they had had	hope	of victory	placed.	But

Eumenes,	quum	esset (sub.)	diutius	in	vinculis,
Eumenes,	when	he was	longer	in	chains,

ait	Onomarcho,	penes	quem	summa
says	to Onomarchus,	in power of	whom	chiefdom

imperii	custodiae	erat,	se	mirari,
of command	of the guard	was,	himself	to wonder,

quare	teneretur (sub.)	sic	iam	tertium	diem;
wherefore	he was held	thus	now	the third	day;

enim	hoc	non	convenire	prudentiae	Antigoni,	ut
for	this	not	to agree	to the prudence	of Antigonus,	that

sic	deuteretur	victo;	quin	iuberet
thus	he should abuse	the conquered;	but that	he should order (him)

aut	interfici	aut	fieri	missum.
either	to be slain	or	to be made	sent (to be liberated).

Quum	hic	videretur (sub.)	Onomarcho	loqui
When	he	did seem	to Onomarchus	to speak

ferocius:	Quid?	inquit,	si	eras	isto	animo,
more boldly;	What?	says he,	if	thou wast	in that	mind,

cur	cecidisti	non	in	praelio,	potius	quam
why	hast thou fallen	not	in	battle,	rather	than

venires	in	potestatem	inimici?	Eumenes
thou shouldst come	into	the power	of enemy?	Eumenes

huic,	Utinam	quidem	istud	evenisset (sub.)!
(says) to him,	I wish	indeed	that	had happened!

sed	eo	accidit	non,	quod	congressus-sum
but	therefore	it happened	not,	because	I have engaged

numquam	cum	fortiore.	Enim	contuli	non
never	with	a braver.	For	I engaged	not

arma	cum	quoquam,	quin	is	succubuerit (sub.)
arms	with	any one,	but that	he	fell under (yielded)

mihi.	Enim	decidi	non	virtute	hostium,	sed
to me.	For	I fell	not	by bravery	of enemies,	but

perfidia	amicorum.	[Neque	id	falsum.
by treachery	of friends.	[Nor	(was) that	false.

Nam	fuit	et	honesta	dignitate,	et	viribus
For	he was	both	with noble	dignity,	and	with strengths

firmis	ad	ferendum	laborem,	neque	tam	magno
firm	to	bearing	labour,	nor	so	with great

corpore,	quam	venusta	figura.]
body,	as	with graceful	figure.]

XII

Quum	Antigonus	auderet (sub.)	non	solus	constituere
When	Antigonus	did dare	not	alone	to determine

de	hoc,	retulit	ad	consilium.	Hic,	quum
concerning	him,	he referred	to	a counsel.	Here,	when

plerique	omnes	primo	perturbati	admirarentur (sub.),
most	all	at first	being troubled	did wonder,

supplicium	non	iam	sumtum-esse	de	eo,	a
punishment	not	now	to have been taken	of	him,	by

quo	habiti-essent (sub.)	adeo	male	tot
whom	they had been had (treated)	so	badly	so many

annos,	ut	adducti-forent (sub.)	saepe	ad	desperationem,
years,	that	they had been brought	often	to	despair,

que	qui	interfecisset (sub.)	maximos	duces,
and	who	had slain	the greatest	leaders,

denique	in	quo	uno	tantum	esset (sub.),	ut,
finally	in	whom	alone	so much	was,	that,

quoad	ille	viveret,	ipsi	possent (sub.)	non	esse
whilst	he	should live,	they	were able	not	to be

securi;	interfecto,	habituri-essent	nihil	negotii;
secure;	being slain,	they should have	nothing	of business (trouble);

postremo,	si	redderet	salutem	illi,
lastly,	if	he should render	safety	to him,

quaerebant,	quibus	amicis	usurus-esset?	enim
they did ask,	with what	friends	he would use?	for

sese	non	futuros	apud	eum	cum	Eumene.
themselves	not	about to be	at	him	with	Eumenes.

Voluntate	consilii	cognita,	tamen	hic
The will	of the council	being known,	however	he

reliquit	sibi	spatium	deliberandi	usque	ad
left	to himself	space	of deliberating	until	to

septimum	diem.	Autem	tum,	quum	iam
the seventh	day.	But	then,	when	now

vereretur (sub.)	ne	qua	seditio	exercitus
he did fear	lest	any	sedition	of the army

oriretur,	vetuit	quemquam	admitti	ad
should arise,	he forbade	any one	to be admitted	to

eum,	et	iussit	quotidianum	victum	amoveri.
him,	and	ordered	the daily	food	to be removed.

Nam	negabat	se	allaturum	vim	ei,
For	he did deny	himself	about to bring	violence	to him,

qui	aliquando	fuisset (sub.)	amicus.	Hic	tamen,
who	once	had been	a friend.	He	however,

fatigatus	fame	non	amplius	quam	triduum,
wearied	with hunger	not	more	than	three days,

quum	castra	moverentur (sub.),	iugulatus-est	a
when	the camps	were moved,	was butchered	by

custodibus,	Antigono	insciente.
the guards,	Antigonus	not knowing.

XIII

Sic	Eumenes,	quadraginta	et	quinque	annorum,
Thus	Eumenes,	of forty	and	five	years,

quum	ab	vicesimo	anno,	ut	ostendimus	supra,
when	from	the twentieth	year,	as	we shewed	above,

apparuisset (sub.)	septem	annos	Philippo,	et
he had attended	seven	years	to Philip,	and

obtinuisset (sub.)	eumdem	locum	apud	Alexandrum
had held	the same	place	at (with)	Alexander

tredecim,	in	his	praefuisset (sub.)	uni	alae
thirteen,	in	these	he had commanded	to one	wing

equitum,	autem	post	mortem	Alexandri	Magni,
of horsemen,	but	after	the death	of Alexander	the Great,

duxisset (sub.)	exercitus	imperator,	que	partim
he had led	armies	(as) commander,	and	partly

repulisset (sub.),	partim	interfecisset (sub.)	summos
had repelled,	partly	had slain	the highest

duces,	captus	non	virtute	Antigoni,	sed
leaders,	being taken	not	by bravery	of Antigonus,	but

periurio	Macedonum,	habuit	talem	exitum
by perjury	of the Macedonians,	had	such	an end

vitae.	In	quo	quanta	opinio	fuerit (sub.)
of life.	In	whom	how great	the opinion	was

omnium	eorum,	qui	post	Alexandrum	Magnum
of all	those,	who	after	Alexander	the Great

appellati-sunt	reges,	potest	iudicari	ex	hoc
were called	kings,	can	to be judged	from	this

facillime,	quod	nemo,	Eumene	vivo,
most easily,	because	nobody,	Eumenes	(being) alive,

appellatus-est	rex,	sed	praefectus;	idem,	post
was called	king,	but	governor;	the same,	after

occasum	huius,	sumserunt	statim	regium
the fall	of him,	took	immediately	the royal

ornatum	que	nomen,	neque	voluerunt	praestare	id
adornment	and	name,	nor	willed they	to perform	that

quod	initio	praedicarant,	se
which	in the beginning	they had declared,	themselves

servare	regnum	liberis	Alexandri,	et
to preserve	the kingdom	to the children	of Alexander,	and

uno	propugnatore	sublato,	aperuerunt
the only	defender	being taken away,	they disclosed

quid	sentirent (sub.).	Principes	huius	sceleris
what	they did think.	The principals	of this	crime

fuerunt	Antigonus,	Ptolemaeus,	Seleucus,	Lysimachus,
were	Antigonus,	Ptolemaeus,	Seleucus,	Lysimachus,

Cassander.	Autem	Antigonus	tradidit	Eumenem
Cassander.	But	Antigonus	delivered	Eumenes

mortuum	propinquis	eius	sepeliendum.	Hi
dead	to relations	of him	to be buried.	They

humaverunt	militari	honesto	funere,	toto
interred (him)	with military	honourable	funeral,	the whole

exercitu	comitante,	que	curarunt	ossa	eius
army	attending,	and	took care	the bones	of him

deportanda	in	Cappadociam	ad	matrem	atque
to be carried	into	Cappadocia	to	the mother	and

uxorem	que	liberos	eius.
wife	and	children	of him.

1. From ἑταῖρος, a friend, a band of friends or companions.
2. The principia was a large open space in the middle of the camp, in which were the tent and tribunal of the general and other superior officers.